Dairy Research

April 23, 2012

Research is a big part of helping agriculturalists produce as efficiently as possible.  With growing populations, it is becoming necessary for farmers to be as efficient as possible to keep up with rising demands and changing economies.  Universities and research facilities all over the world are working to formulate feed rations and conditions to maximize production and health of production plants and animals. The results are then passed on to the agriculturalists to be incorporated into their practices.

For example, Penn State has an excellent dairy research facility--most notably in dairy nutrition research.  This research is used to help better understand the functions of a cow's unique digestive system to maximize absorption of nutrients.  Have you heard of cows contributing to greenhouse gas emission with their methane gas release? Penn State is researching this, too! One of my favorite labs in my animal science class was to the PSU research facility because I was given the opportunity to reach my arm into a live cow's stomach.  Rumen fistulas is a research technique implanted in a cow's side that safely and painlessly allows access to the cow's rumen (stomach compartment).  With this access they can observe and test the feed in different stages as it passes through the cow's system.

Rumen Fistula in a grazing cow

 Research is a huge part in the progress of the dairy industry, so I was curious to see if Ireland was making any progress in dairy research.  It turns out that Teagasc, Ireland's Agriculture and Food Development Authority, has research farms all over Ireland to take advantage of different conditions and soil types.

Research Farms
Farm Name	Research Focus	Location	Farm Area (ha)	Cows (variable)
Ballydague	Crossbreed Evaluation	Co. Cork	93	167
Ballyhaise	Regional Milk Production	Co. Cavan	47	97
Curtins	Farm Systems	Co. Cork	48	140
Kilworth	Environmental Research	Co. Cork	93	100
Moorepark	Component Research	Co. Cork	100	300
Solohead	Nutrient Use Efficiency	Co. Tipperary	52	95
Johnstown Castle	Winter Milk	Co. Wexford	30	80

The Johnstown herd, for example, conducts research in maximizing the herd efficiency of nutrition systems, pasture management strategies, and fertility performance of autumn-calving herds since many herds in Ireland are seasonal producers.  Because many herds in Ireland still graze their cattle, I was really interested to see that they are doing research in replenishing and managing their grass systems while also improving their production.  At the Ballyhaise farm, their goal is to maximize profitability per hectare for sustainable pasture-based dairy systems.

Cows grazing at the Moorepark research farm

Citations:

Teagasc: Agriculture and Food Development Authority. (2012). Retrieved April 23, 2012, from Moorepark Research Farms: http://www.agresearch.teagasc.ie/moorepark/researchfarms.asp

Organic Production

April 19, 2012

Organic production of agricultural products has become popular in recent years because consumers have developed a desire to consume foods that they can feel are more naturally produced.  In the United States there are movements to create a more sustainable environment and producing food organically helps contribute to this goal.  Currently, USDA standards dictate that a dairy product produced in the United States can be certified as organic if the animal itself consumed organically produced feed and was not given any antibiotics or hormones.  A lot of farms in the U.S. are converting to an organic production because they can get higher prices for their product.  Demand is fairly high even with a higher production cost, so some dairy farmers are taking advantage of the new market that is interested in organic products.

Recently an agreement was made between the US and EU countries regarding the trade of organic products between the countries involved.  Under this agreement, they will allow organic certified products to be imported/exported with a legal organic certification.  This means that an organic product imported from an EU country would be considered an organic product here, too.  They came to this agreement, effective June 1, 2012, because they felt that their standards for organic certification were similar enough that they could be viewed equally in the consumer's eyes.

 The EU's Organic Certified Symbol

There are a few requirements that will need to be considered, however, because their are a few discrepancies in their certification process.  For example, crops produced using antibiotics in the U.S. cannot be exported to the EU.  Conversely, the U.S. will not accept agricultural products derived from animals treated with antibiotics or aquatic animals from the EU.

For more information regarding the regulations of both certifying entities, please refer to their websites:

http://www.ams.usda.gov/AMSv1.0/NOPTradeEuropeanUnion

http://ec.europa.eu/agriculture/organic/home_en

"The EU actively promotes the growth of the organic sector with a wide variety of policies designed to increase the amount of land farmed organically, including government standards and certification, conversion and support payments for organic farmers, targets for land under organic management, and policies supporting research, education, and marketing. The U.S. largely takes a free-market approach: its policies aim to facilitate market development through national standards and certification and federally funded grants that support research, education, and marketing for organic agriculture. "

This was quoted from the article entitled, EU and U.S. Organic Markets Face Strong Demand Under Different Policies.  I included it because I think it is interesting how different mindsets came to a very similar solution.  Do you think one mindset over the other will help make a more successful conversion to an organic market?

Citations:

EU, U.S. sign organic trade agreement. (2012). Retrieved April 19, 2012, from National Dairy Herd Information Association: http://dairybusiness.com/seo/headline.php?title=eu-u-s-sign-organic-trade-agreement&date=2012-02-15&table=headlines

Organic Farming. (2012). Retrieved april 19, 2012, from Good for nature, good for you: http://ec.europa.eu/agriculture/organic/home_en

United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Marketing Service. (2012). Retrieved April 19, 2012, from National Organic Program: http://www.ams.usda.gov/AMSv1.0/NOPTradeEuropeanUnion

EU and U.S. Organic Markets Face Strong Demand Under Different Policies. (2006). Retrieved April 19, 2012, from Amber Waves: The Economics of Food, Farming, Natural Resources and Rural America: http://www.ers.usda.gov/AmberWaves/February06/Features/feature1.htm

Milk Marketing

April 9, 2012

Milk marketing functions to help the producer market its product to its consumers without benefiting one farmer over another.  This is important because milk is a commodity and efforts by the individual won't have a significant effect on the market.  These programs help to advertise the nutritional benefits of including dairy in the diet.  It also helps to contribute to the trust in consumers that their dairy products are safe and nutritious and being produced with the utmost care for the animals and the environment.  While many people's habits aren't likely to be changed from the efforts of a milk marketing board, they take some of the hardship away from the farmer.  They are able to communicate and educate consumers so the producers can get their message to the public without losing focus of the farm tasks.

Milk marketing boards spend a lot of their effort teaching consumers how to best utilize their products, but they also spend a lot of time and money on educating youth.  They create programs to help children understand nutrition and from where their food comes.  Their ultimate goal is to help bridge the gap between farmer and consumer in hopes that they will be able to understand and help meet the needs of the other.

I researched Ireland's comparable milk marketing groups and found that they function very similarly to ones that I am familiar with.  One in particular, The National Dairy Council serves nearly identical functions as those in the United States.  One minute on their website and I immediately noticed links to recipes and educational materials, as well as, links to information from health professionals.

Please take a minute to explore The National Dairy Council's website and a Mid-Atlantic Region dairy marketer:
 http://dairyspot.com/
http://www.ndc.ie/

I think these programs are really beneficial, and that's why I would like to spend time in my future career helping producers communicate better with their consumers.

Citations:

The National Dairy Council. (2012).  Retrieved April 9, 2012, from http://www.ndc.ie/

The Mid-Atlantic Spot for Dairy. (2011).  Retrieved April 9, 2012, from www.dairyspot.com

Raw Milk

April 5, 2012

The question of food safety has been a huge part of production agriculture since its beginning.  In EU countries, it is no different and in some cases it may even be stricter than similar regulations in the United States. Raw milk is a huge issue that many people question whether dairy operations should have the right to sell their milk raw.  

Raw milk is the form of the milk straight from the farm that hasn't undergone pasteurization.   This is why people question the safety.  Pasteurization is a process that heats and then cools the milk rapidly to kill any harmful bacteria in the milk.  It ensures that salmonella and other harmful pathogens cannot be passed from the milk to the drinker and it increases the shelf life of the product.  Unfortunately, the process also kills bacteria that could be potentially beneficial to the drinker and it slightly modifies the taste.

The EU recently allowed the sale of raw milk in its member nations, but Ireland's government is questioning whether they want to allow it themselves.  They plan to ban any sale or purchase of raw milk in Ireland.  That's okay for the farmers who drink their milk straight from the bulk tank, but for specialized raw milk cheese producers alternatives will need to be made.

Currently, there is a campaign to help keep the sale of raw milk legal in Ireland.  From my experience in Pennsylvania, raw milk is legal to sell if the seller has a special license and follows specialized regulations.

Personally, I agree with the campaign to keep raw milk sales legal in Ireland.  I grew up drinking milk in its best form--straight from the cow.  My friends always contributed my excellent health to drinking raw milk and sometimes I have to agree.  I much prefer the taste of raw milk and consumers should have a choice.  If they know the potential risks, they should be able to make the purchase.

Citations:
Raw Milk Ireland. (2011).  Retrieved April 5, 2012, from http://rawmilkireland.com/

Modern Irish Dairy Products

March 28, 2012

Perhaps the most important part of any industry is the product being produced.  In the dairy industry, milk is being used in an overwhelming number of food products in our lives because it is so nutritionally valuable.  Ireland has actually become one of the world's leading producers of infant nutritional products and accounts for 15% of the global supply of infant formula and 80% of all of their dairy production is exported (most being in the form of butter). Outside of their everyday dairy needs, Kerrygold and Bailey's are two huge dairy production facilities.  Unlike the United States, Irish milk can be traced to a much smaller number of processing locations.  Where in the U.S. we have many different brands and local companies for milk processing, Ireland has a select few that were chosen during the Co-operative consolidation.

Kerrygold is the premier brand of Irish butter boasting of being able to turn the luscious green of Ireland's landscape into the golden richness of their fine butter.  According to their website, the Irish Dairy Industry is involved in 80 markets across the world and all Irish butter carries their seal.  They have recently developed several lines of butters and cheeses--some of which can be found in markets in the United States.

Bailey's Irish Cream also plays a significant role in the Dairy Industry of Ireland.  Since 1983 they have helped sponsor the Bailey's Champion Cow Competition in celebration of their cream supply.

Approximately 250 million liters of milk per year are needed to make Baileys which equates to the annual output of about 40,000 dairy cows.  Baileys is sold in 170 markets today and is the world's No 1 selling liqueur brand.

To enter cows must first have produced 500kgs of butterfat and protein in a 305 day lactation (except for the heifer in milk awards). A 10% extra weighting is being given to the protein portion of the entry standard.  Entrants are required to complete an entry form which this year should include a recent, full body picture of their cow in electronic format.  This is the competition in search of the prestigious "finest dairy cow in Ireland"

Citations:

Kerrygold. (2012).  Retrieved March 28, 2012, from, http://www.kerrygold.com/

Baileys Irish Champion at Virginia Agricultural Show Society. (2007).  Retrieved March 23, 2012, from, http://www.ihfa.ie/page.aspx?page_id=71

Modern Dairies

March 21, 2012

A lot has changed in the dairy industry from the mid-20th century--and these changes have been occurring everywhere.  In a matter of a century, we have developed from self-sustaining families with a single dairy cow to specializing dairy farms with some farms taking care of herds of 100 or more cows.  Milking by hand quickly developed into milking machines of various types that can now be replaced with robotic milkers.  The trend in the United States has been pointing toward fewer dairies producing greater amounts of product.  This means better production techniques/genetics for the expanding dairy farms.  My family's dairy farm recently made an expansion to a larger size in 2006 with a new barn and milking parlor.

There are many factors that contribute to new technologies actually benefiting a farmer rather than sinking them into irreversible debt. The state of the economy, milk prices and the amount of renovations necessary all dictate how much a farmer can invest in his farm.  For example, robotic milkers are one of the latest technologies for dairy farms because they milk the cow and maintain a lot of the records so the farmer can be more proactive about other aspects of the cows health and spend more time with other farm activities.  In the county in Pennsylvania where I am from, there are six robotic milking units currently in use.  In Ireland, there are a total of four farms with robotic milking systems. This could be because they are financially unable to make that step or because they are a dairying system that predominantly relies on grazing.

 The link (below) is a video made by the The National Dairy Council of an interview about new technologies in Irish dairying.  The Murphy's farm is a four-generation, 53 acre dairy farm and they milk a 40 cow herd.

http://www.ndc.ie/about/tv.asp?movie=5

Today, Ireland’s dairy industry has regained its position in the forefront of world dairy

processors. With a turnover of €3.4 billion, €2.5 billion of which derives from exports,

and 7,000 direct employees, dairy processing is one of Ireland’s key exporting industries

again and one of our biggest employers. Furthermore, it supports 19,000 dairy farmers

and accounts for 30% of Ireland’s agricultural output.

Citations:

O’Callaghan, Eddie. (2011).  Minimising labour in milking.  Agriculture and Food Development Authority.  Retrieved March 21, 2012, from, http://www.teagasc.ie/publications/nlmc2000/paper1.asp

History of Dairying in Ireland. Irish Dairy Board. (2012).  Retrieved March 21, 2012, from, http://www.idb.ie/section/HistoryofDairyinginIreland

The National Dairy Council. (2012).  Retrieved April 9, 2012, from http://www.ndc.ie/

Co-operative Production

March 14, 2012

A large part of the dairy industry in the United States is the functioning cooperatives that individual dairy farmers work with.  Dairy herds are larger than they ever were before and it makes more sense to ship milk to a cooperative that can turn the milk into a good that can be sold to the public.  Some farmers have found that producing an "on-farm good," like cheese, helps them remain more financially stable.  Most, however, ship their milk to a particular processing plant that utilizes the liquid in various products and then sells them on a larger marketplace.  

I found, when I was researching dairy production in the 20th century, that Ireland has a similar system that was developed for similar reasons.  The need to develop a product for market and have the product shipped to a wider audience made it necessary for producers to group together.  Butter was a major export in Ireland, and the technologies used to produce butter the best were expensive.  Creameries found that it was more efficient for them to share a common separator to produce their butter.

Even into the 1950's, the Irish dairy industry was very underdeveloped.  At this point, most of the milk production was used to produce butter directly on the farms.   The farms were only able to provide a minimal supply of milk during only two months of the year and were getting less than two old pence per pint.  In the Fennor Co-operative Dairy Society in 1951, for example, there were 320 farms averaging seven cows per farm .  Only five of these farms had milking machines. 

Between 1954 and 1965, the overall number of farms decreased, but the farm productivity increased and 80 farms had milk machines.  By this point, an appointment of experts set out to examine the future of the dairy industry in Ireland in preparation of Ireland's entry into the European Community.  They found that there were too many small and inefficient creameries and recommended forming larger units.

The above images show what it was like milking a cow by hand.  Knowing what it is like to milk a cow with a milking machine, it would be pretty difficult to go back to milking like this.

Citations:

Breathnach, Proinnsias.  The evolution of the spatial structure of the Irish dairy processing industry.  Retrieved March 14, 2012, from http://www.ucd.ie/gsi/pdf/33-2/dairy.pdf

 http://www.askaboutireland.ie/learning-zone/primary-students/looking-at-places/leitrim/farming-in-leitrim/womens-work/